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Software Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP Project) Page i
Requirements Specification
For
Urban Platforms
Version 2.2
(Consultation Stage)
Prepared by Demand-Side Engagement Stream
European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities & Communities (EIP_SCC)
Integrated infrastructure Action Cluster – Urban Platform
Software Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP Project) Page ii
Requirements Specification Life-Cycle
Revision history
Author Date Reason for change Phase Revision
Dr. Larissa Romualdo-Suzuki 4/12/2015 - Initial Draft Version 0
Outline
Dr. Larissa Romualdo-Suzuki 21/12/2015 Working update Core Demand- Version 1
Side Team
Consultation
Dr. Larissa Romualdo-Suzuki 05/01/2016 Incorporate cities Development Version 2.1
comments
Dr. Larissa Romualdo-Suzuki 29/01/2016 Incorporate suggestions Development Version 2.2
from Urban Platforms
Workshop held in Brussels
on the 19/01/16.
Requirements Specification sign-off:
Name: Andrew Collinge
Role: Demand Side Engagement Lead Date
Organisation: Greater London Authority 11 January 2016
Acknowledgement:
This document has been developed in consultation with a representative group of European cities from
different locations, size, and level of development. Cities include: London, Amsterdam, Barcelona,
Syracuse, Berlin, Gent, Valencia, Murcia, Derry, Copenhagen, Scottish cities, Porto, Riga. We wish to
recognize the commitment, support and ongoing contribution from these cities to develop a common
statement of needs.
Software Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP Project) Page iii
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... iii
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Purpose and Scope of this Document.................................................................................. 1
1.2 Context ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Intended Audience .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Definitions, Standards, and Framework ............................................................................... 3
1.5 How to Use this Document .................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Product Scope and Perspective ............................................................................................ 5
1.7 The Urban Platform Development Stack ............................................................................. 7
1.8 User Classes, Characteristics, and User Access ............................................................... 8
1.9 User Documentation ............................................................................................................. 10
1.10 Design and Implementation Constraints ............................................................................ 10
1.11 Assumptions, Alignment with other Action Clusters and Policies ................................... 10
2. Urban Platform Value Proposition, Use Cases and Functional Requirements ..12
2.1 From Value Proposition to Platform Specifications .......................................................... 12
2.2 Overall Goal: “City data is exploited to its full potential” .................................................. 13
2.3 SUB-GOAL 1: City data is collected in an intelligent manner ......................................... 15
2.4 SUB-GOAL 2: City data is managed in a safe and intelligent manner .......................... 20
2.5 SUB-GOAL 3: City data is orchestrated in a marketplace ............................................... 23
2.6 SUB-GOAL 4: City data is offered in an accessible manner ........................................... 28
2.7 SUB-GOAL 5: User’s experience is enhanced by the provision of value-added
services............................................................................................................................................... 31
3. Non-functional Requirements..........................................................................................34
3.1 Run-time Quality Requirements .......................................................................................... 34
3.2 Non Run-time Quality Requirements.................................................................................. 37
3.3 List of Non-Functional Requirements ................................................................................. 38
4. Other Requirements ...........................................................................................................39
4.1 Minimal Descriptive Metadata Required from Data Provider .......................................... 39
4.2 Urban Platform Supported Data Formats .......................................................................... 40
5. Conclusion & Forward Plans ...........................................................................................40
Appendix ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose and Scope of this Document
The purpose of this document is to provide a common core set of city-needs-led requirements, co-
developed and validated by EU cities, to support the acquisition of “Urban Platforms” by EU cities.
The requirements are made openly available. The ambition is that adoption of these requirements
by EU cities will lead to reduced pre-procurement times, increased confidence in platform designs,
greater levels of collaboration (particularly amongst smaller cities), innovation in business models,
more affordable solutions, and a more secure basis for industry to apply its innovations. This will
lead to accelerated adoption of urban platforms by EU cities, so that they can exploit the potential
of the growing volumes of city data, and improve the services to and outcomes for their residents,
business community and visitors.
This document provides a primary input to the EIP_SCC Urban Platform Supply-Side and
Standardisation workstreams as a reference for the development of further technical and
operational materials. The requirements illustrate the purpose and complete declaration for the
development of system, as well as system constraints, interface and interactions with other
external applications.
The scope of this document is limited to common services data platform requirements, and issues
related to the management of city data within an Urban Platform. This considers the full life-cycle
of city data, including: the maintenance of the inventory of existing city data; development of
functional requirements for common services data platform from a city-needs perspective;
identification of metadata and format standards for city data; and identification of policy issues
related to the data platform. It includes in the scope the functionality of software and systems used
to handle existing data catalogues (e.g., open data portals).
Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software or hardware, as well as databases, which manage data
that are not part of Urban Platform’s collecting responsibility (e.g., mobile applications, proprietary
Internet of Things, proprietary data catalogues) are outside the scope of these requirements.
1.2 Context
The initial EIP_SCC Demand-Side survey1 clearly indicated that the vast majority of EU cities did
not have an urban platform; that there were a number of significant barriers to adoption (including
funding, capabilities, and the willingness to work across service ‘silos’); that there was limited
collaboration in this area; and as a result most cities were ‘sitting on the fence’. The opportunity
clearly is to unblock this. Notably because urban platforms provide a vital foundation for smart city
infrastructure and service improvements. So their adoption is considered a strategic priority by the
EIP_SCC, and by a growing number of cities.
There are a number of clear trends that any city, and thus these requirements, must recognise:
• The astounding increase in volumes of city data, driven notably by IoT/sensor/M2M
implementations, and social media
• The pressure to improve and make open data from public (and private) sources;
1
Survey performed Q1’15 and reported on the EIP_SCC Marketplace site
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 2
• The continued reality of austerity that drives cities towards transformative solutions
Cities presently typically have a mix and variety of qualities of legacy systems, with various
degrees of technical ‘platform or platforms’ in place. It is recognised that the roadmap a city might
follow to transition to a more aligned and functional state will differ in many ways; and that the end
point does not envisage ‘one (physical) platform’. However cities will benefit from adopting more
consistent conceptual, and logical architectures, which will lead to more efficient and effective
physical operations, and greater benefits in terms of exploiting city data.
Furthermore it must be recognised that cities will continue to wrestle with capacity challenges to
improve quality, availability, governance, and appropriate monetisation of city data.
1.3 Intended Audience
This document is co-developed by and initially intended for the growing number of city members of
the Demand-Side Engagement Stream of the EIP_SCC Urban Platform initiative. Its formal release
as a common statement of requirements by representative EU cities will form the basis for
commitment by EU cities to the initiative by way of a Letter of Intent (LoI). The spirit of which seeks
to ensure broad use of these requirements by EU cities (and recognition of deviations) to help
open the smart city market.
It is also intended to be used by Industry in setting an agreed city-needs-led set of requirements
which can become more consistent and common across EU cities. This will lead to advantage for
cities and Industry.
1.4 How to Use this Document
Cities are encouraged to use this document as a guiding reference for the development of their
own platform specifications.
The following steps offer a logical means to extract the full value of this document:
1. Identify the priority service outcomes that the city seeks to achieve to steer the overall
prioritisation of urban platform development
2. Perform a city data mapping exercise to develop a picture of the data landscape, including:
sources, volume, variety, temporal factors and sensitivity, data licensing and ownership
policies.
3. Map out existing ICT system resources across the city in order to identify those resources
with the greatest potential for reuse, identify gaps and provide the foundation for a data
strategy and technology plan to fill them.
4. Identify the requirements within this document that best suit the city needs - alongside any
other emerging requirements – and refine and prioritise them in accordance to their data
strategy defined in step 1 and 2.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 3
5. Cities can create their own specification document in their own language and refer to the
requirements of this document by using the unique identifier of the requirements (which
signals to providers the similarities and deviations from the core set)
6. Determine what ICT infrastructure and sets of requirements are needed citywide to support
the urban platform.
1.5 Definitions, Standards, and Framework
To ensure a robust basis for market adoption we have set in place a number of foundations. Firstly,
a common definition of terms. Secondly, the adoption of some core accepted standards. Thirdly,
an underlying model to develop requirements.
1.5.1 Working Definitions
For the purpose of this document we assume the working definitions developed within and shared
across all working groups of the Urban Platform initiative
• An ‘Urban Platform’…
o Implements a logical architecture/content/design that brings together (integrates) data flows
within and across city systems and exploits modern technologies (sensors, cloud services,
mobile devices, analytics, social media etc);
o Provides the building blocks that enable cities to rapidly shift from fragmented operations to
include predictive effective operations, and novel ways of engaging and serving city
stakeholders;
o Transforms, in a way that is tangible and measurable, outcomes at local level (e.g. increase
energy efficiency, reduce traffic congestion and emissions, create (digital) innovation
ecosystems, efficient city operations for administrations and services).
• ‘City Data’ is…
o Data that is held by any organisation - government, public sector, private sector or not-for-
profit - which is providing a service or utility, or is occupying part of the city in a way that can
be said to have a bearing on local populations and the functioning of that place;
o Consists of varied characteristics such as static, near-real time or in the future, real time,
descriptive or operational.
o It will be to a greater extent generated by individual citizens and this too (with due
consideration to privacy and a strong trust framework) can be considered city data.
For the purpose of this report, the following terms and definitions4 apply.
o Open data: non-privacy-restricted and non-confidential data. Produced with either public or
private resource and is made available without any restrictions on its usage or distribution.
o Private data: restricted and/or licensed data including permission, charging, privacy,
publication and distribution. Produced with either public or private resource.
o Commercial data: restricted and/or licensed data including permission, charging, privacy,
publication and distribution. Produced with either public or private resource.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 4
o Sensory data: open and/or restricted data collected by different sensors, actuators and
devices owned by public and private sector, and citizens. Sensory data is usually diverse in
nature and architectural features, mostly location and time dependent, and present different
levels of quality.
These types of city data are produced within the public and private sectors and crowdsourcing
initiatives, and have their respective suppliers and distribution strategies (e.g. reports, APIs,
datasets).
o Public sector data: restricted data relating to location, national security, commercial
sensitivity and privacy. Data produced, collected or funded by the public sector.
o Private sector data: data produced, collected or funded by the private sector, which can be
open, private and commercial data. In case of private data, the restrictions of usage and
distribution are decided by the individual businesses.
o Crowd-sourced data: data provided, collected and distributed by humans through the use
of digital technologies and social media.
1.5.2 Use of Standards
• We seek to ensure Urban Platforms in EU cities are designed with regard to international best
practices for data repositories.
• As new guidance and standards are developed the three streams of the EIP_SCC2 Urban
Platform initiative will review them for broader use. (Note: the SCC03 EC project and
consortium is explicitly linked within this initiative and will act on Urban Platform standards).
• For now, this document assumes a modified IEEE 830-19983 layout for software requirements
specification, as the basis to capture a high-level statement of the urban platform’s
requirements.
1.5.3 The Organising Framework
This document uses the dynamic business models framework4 illustrated in Figure 1 to organise
and guide the definition of goals, the development of use cases, and definition of requirements
during the life cycle of urban platforms. Future iterations of this dynamic design process are
Procurement, Roll-Out and Market phases. Consequently, this document may include, alter,
prioritize, extend or remove specifications as they become known.
The principal goal addressed is that of “exploiting the value of city data through urban
platforms”. From this we have developed five common sub-goals. Each includes: a description;
rationale; drivers; and actions. These sub-goals are elaborated through a total of 14 use cases and
developed into a total of 116 functional and non-functional requirements as illustrated in Figure 2.
The use of the requirements by Industry will be subject to a further update.
2
EIP Integrated infrastructure Urban Platform Governance Model, Version 3, 28th July 2015.
3
IEEE 830-1998 Standard for Software Requirements Specifications, 1998.
4
Framework for Data Infrastructures Design from “Data as Infrastructure for Smart Cities”, Suzuki-LCSR,
PhD Thesis, UCL, 2015.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 5
Figure 1. Organising Framework4.
Sub-Goal 1: City data is provided
Use Cases: 3 Requirements: 34
in a harmonised way
value of city data through an
Principle Goal: Exploit the
Sub-Goal 2: City data is managed
Use Cases: 3 Requirements: 36
in a safe and intelligent manner
urban platform
Sub-Goal 3: City data is
Use Cases: 2 Requirements: 12
orchestrated in a market place
Sub-Goal 4: City data is offered in
Use Cases: 3 Requirements: 11
an accessible manner
Sub-Goal 5: User’s experience is
enhanced by the provision of Use Cases: 3 Requirements: 8
value-added services
Figure 2 Structure of this document.
1.6 Product Scope and Perspective
The EIP Project’s urban platform is an open common architecture which serves for city data
collection, management and distribution. An urban platform is intended to support the widespread
exploitation of city data by humans and machines in the urban environment. Figure 3 illustrates a
holistic high level overview of the urban platform the EIP project intends to deliver.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 6
The reference architecture for urban platforms should:
• Cater for interoperability between urban infrastructures
• Enable replicability of the solutions/platforms city to city
• Scale without technical constraints and excessive cost increase
• Provide open APIs and SDKs
• Enable Real Time capabilities
• Support implementation of functional and technical capabilities
Figure 3. High level overview of the urban platform (currently approved EC DG CNECT).
The current urban platform market is nascent. Many software vendors offer such a platform, though
many requirements and expectations of the stakeholders of city data are not (fully) addressed. As
a result, current urban platforms are often more costly to design and maintain, less reusable and
often not interoperable platform-to-platform, and susceptible to information fragmentation and
overload.
The urban platform which the EIP initiative intends to design takes a step beyond the platforms
currently on the market by ensuring the requirements are fully founded on a co-created and
common set of representative city needs, from which it solicits suitable industry input, and an open
and managed collaboration between industry, cities and communities, and others, in order to take
into account their needs and concerns. To do this, it is necessary to take a technology agnostic
approach to design an open and common reference architecture for urban platforms. This platform
must ensure data is collected and sustained in accordance with well-stablished standards,
managed in a robust manner so that it can handle high level supply and demand of data, and
distributed across different value chains, systems and stakeholders. The ability to handle high level
of city data supply and demand while being user secure and accessible enough for city-wide
exploitation of data is one of many keys to the success of urban platforms. This is central to the
design and implementation of urban platforms.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 7
1.7 The Urban Platform Development Stack
The requirements specification of this document is based on the Urban Platform Development
Stack illustrated in Figure 4. The stack is composed by five domains (represented as layers in the
stack) necessary to fully implement an urban platform software suite as shown in Table 1. Each
domain comprehends a set of requirements necessary to the design of a common and open urban
data service platform. The elicited requirements are used to define a technical architecture which is
simple enough to be comprehensible at least at a high level of abstraction. The platform should be
conceptually decomposable into its major subsystems, the platform’s functionality reused by many
services and external applications should be identifiable, and interactions between the platform
and services, data providers and data consumers should be well defined and explicit.
The first layer of the stack “Societal needs” concerns to outcomes we strive for within a portfolio of
city service domains. An urban platform should recognise societal needs and wants as the starting
point for city data service offering. Ultimately, an urban platform aims to provide tailor made and
compelling engaging services for the users. The Services and Business models layers concerns
with delivering data services which carefully targets the needs and expectations of the different
users of the urban platform, and explore use cases and commercial models where data is used to
deliver different forms of value. The city data layer concerns with the mechanisms necessary to
transform urban platforms into a foundation for widespread exploitation of data, including handling
data architectural features, data usability, semantics and quality aspects. The urban platform layer
concerns to the technology foundation to configure, share, and interpret exponentially increasing
volumes city data and services. Finally, the Infrastructure layer concerns with the base level
connectivity that supports the platform to be scalable and reliable in the long run.
STACK OUTPUT
Requirements to deliver new digital services that will address the
Societal Needs societal needs of cities in a positive manner that relates to political
narratives.
Services & Requirements to new profitable business models and the development
Business Models of an increase range of new and engaging services in the smart cities.
City Data Requirements to provide all city data stakeholders ready access and
delivery of all city data that unpins the decision making process in smart
cities.
Urban Platform Requirements to put in place applications together to build a foundation
for the widespread exploitation of data.
Infrastructure Requirements to deliver the backbone infrastructure that will be used to
capture the opportunities of digital technology and data to enable
transformation.
Figure 4. Urban Platform Development Stack.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 8
Table 1. Urban Platform Development Stack
Layer Rationale
Societal Needs - Accessible services and data necessary to solve social problems
and drive innovation;
- Parameters that influence user’s experience while interacting with
services (e.g. usability, feeling of security and trust);
Services and Business - Tailor-made data services which careful targets the needs of users
Models and businesses;
- New potential and cost-effective beneficial services that could be
rolled out across cities of different sizes;
- Use cases where data is used to deliver different forms of value.
City Data - Data architectural features (e.g. volume, variety, temporal factors
and sensitivity);
- Data licensing, policies and regulations to exploit data to full effect;
- Minimum metadata requirements;
- Data usability and reusability aspects of humans and machines.
Urban Platform - Holistic and interoperable solutions;
- Integrated approaches which ensures that services fit together and
that synergies can be exploited;
- Data management mechanisms to ensure data integrity and
compliance with data protection regulations
- Extension capabilities to accommodate additional functionality at
later stage at a fair and transparent cost.
1.8 User Classes, Characteristics, and User Access
The users of the Urban Platform include end-users, such as the general Public, public and private
organisations; data providers; service providers; and the platform providers who will be
working with the providers of city data and services, and managing the content, defining policies
and regulations of the platform. A crucial feature of an urban platform is the provision of the
various access levels required by the different types of users. Particular uses need different
access levels to some data than the general public. Data publishers will require access to the
Urban Platform in order to ingest, administer, manage, preserve and access their resources. This
will require multiple levels of access to city data and its respective metadata. Table 2 provides a
description of each class of users.
Table 2. Actors
User Class Rationale
Platform - Maintains the ecosystem of data, services and users;
Provider - Defines standards, licenses and regulations and provides terms and conditions
for platform usage and the commercial exploitation of data and services;
- Decides who are allowed to join the value network of data and services
providers;
City Data - Publishes open and proprietary data into the platform;
Publisher - Manages and maintain resources in the platform accordingly to terms and
conditions.
Data - Deploys open and commercial data services into the platform (e.g. data
Services visualisation, data cleansing, data integration tools);
Provider - Manages and maintain resources in the platform accordingly to terms and
conditions.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 9
City Data - Consumes open and proprietary data provided in the platform;
Consumer - Uses open and commercial data services provided in the platform;
- Provides feedback on data and services provision;
1.8.1 End-User Access
City data consumers will need to access and use the city data residing in the Urban Platform. End-
users will be able to search metadata and full text within datasets (when available), and obtain city
data in open formats readily available to both humans and machines such as CSV, XML, JSON.
Some end-users may require different access rights to city data. The 2 major end-user groups that
have been identified are:
• Open data users, including both national and international users (humans and machines).
Open access to some city data may be restricted by licensing terms (e.g. commercial data),
embargo periods, copyright, etc.
• Private data users, which need to use the Urban Platform to obtain commercial city data. Data
access is available via data subscriptions or when purchase requirements and licenses are
waived by the data provider.
1.8.2 City Data Publisher Access
A broad data provider level access is needed for stakeholders (humans and machines) working
with the urban platform and their respective data in it. Basically, data publishers will carry out the
following activities:
• Data publication access, available to publishers adding new data and metadata, checking the
quality of datasets, manipulating data, performing format conversions, defining data-access
level, tariff for consumption when applicable, and licences.
• Data maintenance access, for publishers reviewing or editing appropriate data and metadata in
the urban platform. Data publishers can view data and add to or edit metadata without
changing the data itself. They should be provided with access to feedback from users to
investigate problem in their resources (e.g. missing data, inconsistent metadata), and statistical
information about how their resources are used by users.
1.8.3 Data Services Provider Access
This is the second most restrictive access level providing rights to deploy services in the platform.
Basically, data service providers will carry out the following activities:
• Data services deployment access, available to service providers adding new mechanisms or
integrating new applications, testing and validating integration, defining data-access level and
tariff for service usage.
• Data services maintenance access, for services providers reviewing, extending or editing
applications in the urban platform. Data services providers can view their services deployed
and add to or edit access level and tariff without having to deploy the services again. They
should be provided with access to feedback from users to investigate problem in their services
(e.g. bugs, scalability issues), and statistical information about how their services are used by
users.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 10
1.8.4 Platform Provider Access
This is the most restrictive access level providing ultimate rights to the system and is required for
its management, development, and assigning appropriate rights to data and services providers.
Policies and regulations, license agreements are also defined by the provider of the urban
platform. Platform providers should be provided with the means to follow up on civic engagement
(e.g. feedback, request for city data) and on the provision of city data and services.
1.9 User Documentation
• City Data Consumers: Provide license terms and conditions associated to consuming
data and services provided in the platform, documentation of APIs and guide to
discover city data in the platform.
• City Data Providers: Provide data publication documentation describing the minimum
metadata requirements, formats accepted, step-by-step guide to publish accurate city
data.
• Data Service Providers: Disclosure technical and architecture blueprint details in
order share and outsource expertise, and partnerships, and integrate supporting
partners’ solutions into the platform itself.
1.10 Design and Implementation Constraints
1.10.1 Design Constraints
• Lack of standards agreement for metadata representation.
• City data found in existing data catalogues may require special consideration concerning the
type of formats and datasets that must be stored within the platform.
• Requirements mismatch due to increased number of stakeholders involved in the design
1.10.2 Implementation Constraints
• Evaluation and testing of software options is expected to occur prior to selection and
implementation of a production urban platform.
• Budget costs are unknown until evaluation of software options is completed.
1.11 Assumptions, Alignment with other Action Clusters and Policies
1.11.1 Assumptions
The assumptions in Table 3 have been identified by the Demand Side Engagement Stream as
relevant to this Requirements Specification.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 11
Table 3. Assumptions
# ASSUMPTION
1 The providers of city data and services will be responsible to maintain their resources in the platform.
2 All city data must meet the minimum metadata requirements and use the standards adopted by the platform.
3 The platform shall consider open Source as an optional commercial model, with open standards as a principle
4 The system design and architecture should minimize fragmentation of city data in the urban platform.
5 To the extent possible, automation should be used for the extraction of descriptive and technical metadata.
6 The platform must be designed in a way it accommodates additional functionality at later stage at a fair and transparent cost.
The platform must be a modular based architecture which relies on stable and well-defined open interfaces to ensure
7
interoperability between the platform, services and the applications provided by service providers.
The platform will offer open and well-documented API’s and clear service descriptions and contracts that is offered for reuse by
8 another party to foster open innovation in the city, which means that developers and interested individuals openly utilize the
resources provided.
9 Adopt open and published European and International standards where possible.
The platform must be flexible enough to accommodate different local, National and International data protection, licensing and
10
commercialization regulations.
11 Platform providers will monitor emerging technologies in order to maintain and improve the architecture.
12 Platform providers will monitor emerging information standards, including metadata standards and data interface standards.
13 Platform providers will monitor new commercial models for city data exploitation
1.11.2 Alignment with Citizen’s Focus Action Cluster
This specification document is aligned with the principles defined in the Citizen Focus5 Action
Cluster of the European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities. Citizen Focus’ is
about “working together with citizens to realize public interests at the intersection of ICT, mobility
and energy in an urban environment”. We recognize citizens as owners of and participants in
the creation and delivery of city data and digital services, and we specify requirements to deliver
new digital services that will address the societal needs of cities in a positive manner that relates to
political narratives. Societal needs and wants are considered the starting point for city data service
offering by the urban platform. The requirements in this document were elicited considering
• Human behaviour and needs as important as technology;
• The services and data that solve social problems and drive innovation;
• The mechanisms that make data and services more accessible to users;
• The factors that influences user’s experience while interacting with services provided (e.g.
usability, feeling of security and trust);
5
https://eu-smartcities.eu/node/1333
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 12
1.11.3 Policies to be developed
The following policies have been identified by the Demand Side Engagement Stream as relevant to
this Requirements Specification.
• Data formatting and Metadata Schemes: Urban platforms will require more expansive, robust
and useful data encoding and conversion that what is available in existing data catalogues.
Data preservation policies should be developed to allow data to be stored in formats that can
be migrated, associated with metadata and ontologies to become both humans and machines
readable and understandable, ongoing monitoring for data obsolescence, and migrating data to
systems environments as needed to ensure their continued availability. Current Metadata
schemes (e.g. open data, sensory data ontologies) should be reviewed to see if it meets
current needs for city data management. It is possible that the needs of the urban platform
designed here may require new or additional schemas.
• Data commercialisation: The commercial exploitation of city data and their funding models
are unexplored concepts that we are committed to address. There is an urgent need to define
license agreements and fair commercial and subscription models to allow interoperable open
and proprietary data to co-exist in the platform.
• Data publication and services deployment: Policy development will be needed regarding
ingesting data and deploying data services into the platform, including which users/machines
will be authorized to submit data for publication, the minimum requirements for data submitted
by open and proprietary data publishers, and the removal of resources and services from the
platform.
2. Urban Platform Value Proposition, Use Cases and
Functional Requirements
2.1 From Value Proposition to Platform Specifications
This document uses goal-oriented modelling for eliciting, elaborating, structuring, specifying,
documenting, and modifying requirements. Goals represent the objectives which the urban
platform should achieve through cooperation of actors in the intended system and in the
environment. They capture, at different levels of abstraction, the various objectives the urban
platform under design should achieve. Through goals modelling we consider how the value
proposition and intended solutions connects across the stack, how the urban platform meets city
goals, why the system and its functionality are needed, and how the stakeholders’ interests may be
addressed.
In our specification, we present the overall goal (the value proposition) that the urban platform
should aim to achieve in order to be considered as a viable final product, and a set of sub-goals
(intended solutions) it should maintain in the long run so that the overall goal can be unceasingly
achieved. By using this approach, the low-level technical requirements can be traced back to high-
level strategic objectives of the urban platform. The formal notations used in this document are:
Achieve [“Name of Overall Goal”] and Maintain [“Name of Sub-Goal”]. The requirements of the
Urban Platform are noted for each of the sub-goals, and are presented as a series of statements
regarding the capabilities needed in to achieve the overall goal of the Urban Platform.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 13
2.2 Overall Goal: “City data is exploited to its full potential”
An urban platform is an organization of people and systems, which has accepted the responsibility
to preserve city data and make it available for all the stakeholders of smart cities. Ultimately, an
urban platform is a foundation for the full exploitation of city data. Hence, the major goal an Urban
Platform must achieve is “city data is exploited to its full potential”. To achieve this high level goal,
the urban platform must maintain in the long run the five sub-goals illustrated in Figure 3.
Each one of the defined sub-goals co-enables the achievement of the specified high-level (overall)
goal of the urban platform. The sub-goals include the ingestion of city data, metadata generation,
data management, data storage, access, preservation, and administration, provision of engaging
services in the smart cities. These sub-goals are discussed in details in the following sections.
Achieve [City data is exploited How we achieve the platform overall goal?
Why do we need the sub-goals?
to its full effect]
Goal
Maintain [User s experience is
Maintain [City data is provided
enhanced by the provision of
in a harmonised way]
S ub-Goal 1 S ub-Goal 5 value-added services]
co-ena bles
Maintain [Resources are managed in Maintain [City data is offered
a safe and intelligent manner] in an accessible manner]
S ub-Goal 2 S ub-Goal 4
Maintain [City data is orchestrated
in a market place]
S ub-Goal 3
Figure 3. Platform High-Level Goal and its respective sub-goals.
2.2.1 Urban Platform Boundary
The use case diagram illustrated in Figure 4 identifies the boundaries between the actors (either
automated or human) and the urban platform. We have arrived at the urban platform boundary by
inspecting each business use case and determining, in conjunction with the stakeholders needs,
which part of the business use case should be implemented and what part should be done by an
outsourced product (e.g. Billing System) using the framework 4.
This task is technology agnostic and takes into account the abilities of the users/actors, the
constraints, the goals of the urban platform. Table 4 maps out the use cases with their respective
sub-goals and actors.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 14
Manage Services
S ub-Goal 5
Data Service
Publish City Data
Provider
S ub-Goal 1
<<include>> Deploy Data Services
rules
S ub-Goal 5
Authenticate in the
Manage Resources <<include>>
Platform Platform
S ub-Goal 1 Provider Database
<<include>> Manage Infrastructure System
S ub-Goal 2
Utlise Data Services
City Data <<include>>
Publisher S ub-Goal 5
Store City Data Management
<<include>>
S ub-Goal 2
Systems Services
System
<<include>>
City Data
Consumer
QoS Monitoring
Transmit Data
System
Register in the Platform S ub-Goal 2
<<include>>
rules
<<extend>>
rules
Platform
Provider
rules
Commercialise Data
Consume City Data
Services City Data
S ub-Goal 3 S ub-Goal 4
Consumer
<<extend>>
Commercialise
City Data Discover City Data
S ub-Goal 3
S ub-Goal 4
Billing
Management
System
Authenticate in the Register in the
Platform Platform
Authenticate Authenticate
Register Consumers Register Publishers
Consumers Publishers
Figure 4. Simplistic overview of the use cases identified in the early stages of the platform design.
Table 4. Use Cases Mapping with Sub-Goals and Actors
Sub-Goals Use Cases ID Specialised Use Cases Actors
HIGH-LEVEL GOAL: City data is exploited to its
Publish City Data UC1 User publishes city data via data API’s
City Data Publisher
1. City data is Register as a publisher
UC2 User manually uploads datasets
provided in a in the Platform
harmonised way
full effect
User manages resources
Manage Resources UC3 City Data Publisher
User tracks resources usage
Store City Data UC4
2. City data is
managed in a safe Transmit Data UC5 - Management Systems
and intelligent
manner
Manage Infrastructure UC6
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 15
City Data Publisher
Set commercial city data
Platform Provider
Subscribe to proprietary data City Data Consumer
Commercialise City
UC7
Data
Manage commercial data City Data Publisher
3. City data is Manage data subscription City Data Consumer
orchestrated in a
Data Services Provider
market place Set commercial data services
Platform Provider
Subscribe to commercial services Data Services Consumer
Commercialise Data
UC8
Services
Manage commercial services Data Services Provider
Manage services subscription Data Services Consumer
UC9
Register in the Platform City Data Consumer
-
4. City data is Discover City Data City Data Consumer
UC10
offered in an
User consumes city data via data
accessible manner
API’s
Consume City Data UC11 City Data Consumer
User downloads datasets
5. User’s Data Services Provider
Deploy Data Services UC12
experience is Platform Provider
enhanced by the
Manage Services UC13 - Data Services Provider
provision of value-
added services
Utilise Data Services UC14 City Data Consumer
2.3 SUB-GOAL 1: City data is collected in an intelligent manner
Description: The urban platform enables the owners of city data to easily publish both historic and
data streams in the platform, as well as their associated metadata.
Rationale: This sub-goal is maintained by the services and functions to accept the publication of
city data from data providers (of both open and proprietary data) and prepare the contents for
storage and management within the urban platform. Functions include receiving data, performing
quality assurance on data, verifying data formatting and document standards, associating meta-
data information, and coordinating updates to databases and resources management.
Achieve [City data is exploited
to its full effect]
Goal
co-ena bles
How we achieve the platform overall goal?
Maintain [City data is provided in
a harmonised manner]
S ub-Goal 1
What actions can maintain the sub-goal?
Achieve [Register Publisher] Achieve [Publish City Data] Achieve [Manage Resources]
UC1 UC2 UC3
Figure 5. Sub-Goal 1 “City data is collected in an intelligent manner” refinement.
Drivers: Ensure data is published in an easy and uniform way.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 16
Actions: For Sub-Goal 1 to be maintained in the long-run it requires the efficient realisation of use
cases: “Publish City Data” and “Manage Resources”, as shown in Figure 5.
2.3.1 Use Case: Register Publisher
ID: UC1
Refines: SUB-GOAL 1: City data is collected in an intelligent manner
Pre-condition: Data Publisher is not logged in the system
Actors: Data Publishers
Rationale: Data Publishers can register in the platform and request approval to submit city data.
They provide valid registration details (to be defined) and wait for registration confirmation.
Platform Providers may authorise or not data publishers to offer both open and proprietary city data
in the platform. Data submission agreement is a formal agreement between the Data Provider and
the Urban Platform defining the terms of the content, standards, metadata creation, and license
agreement. The Urban Platform will proactively work with Data Providers to agree on the content,
quality and format of city data. Agreements between Platform and Data Providers may be
renegotiated on a periodic or ad-hoc basis.
Refines into requirements: FREQ.1 to FREQ.5.
Use Case Basic Stimulus and Responses
1. The platform prompts the user for a username and password or
register new account.
2. The user selects registration option.
3. The platform prompts user for publisher registration information (e.g.
username, password, organisation)
4. The user enters in their information.
UC1. Register 5. Platform verifies information and creates account.
Publisher o If non-valid information, platform shows error message and
returns to step 1.
6. Platform provider is requested to approve the account
o Platform acknowledges registration has been successful
o If non approved, platform shows error message and returns to
step 1.
7. End of registration
2.3.2 Use Case: Publish City Data
ID: UC2
Refines: SUB-GOAL 1 - City data is collected in an intelligent manner
Pre-condition: User is authenticated in the platform
Actors: City data publisher
Rationale: The Publish City Data function provides the appropriate mechanisms to receive city data from
authorized data providers. Data may be manually uploaded or submitted via APIs. In general, data providers
with whom the Urban Platform negotiates submission agreements are the providers of proprietary city data
(those producing published material, i.e. publishers) and open data, and they can be either humans or
machines. The providers of the Urban Platform will provide data providers with specifications on the content,
quality and format of data, and publication terms and conditions.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 17
The Publish City Data function may represent a legal transfer of custody for the data in the urban platform,
and may require that special access controls be placed on the contents. This function provides a
confirmation of receipt of data publication to the Producer, which may include a request to resubmit data in
the case of errors resulting from the submission.
Once data has arrived, it must undergo several reviews, including virus checking, format compliance,
metadata minimum requirement agreement, quality and anticipated content and data formatting. The
platform must include the ability to record all actions and decisions made concerning the publication of city
data. The reasons for publication failure (e.g. missing metadata information, non-valid dataset) will be
provided back to the city data publisher. In some cases, the provider can then resubmit corrected data and
metadata information, while in other instances data publication refusal criteria should prevent the publisher
from submitting the same dataset at a later time period (e.g. in cases of suspicious datasets – copyrights
violation, viruses). When data is successfully submitted (either via APIs or manual upload), it will be
processed/prepared for storage into the platform’s database.
Specialised Use Cases: The Use Case Publish City Data data is distinguished into two
specialised Use Cases: “User publishes city data via data API’s (UC2.1)” and “User manually
uploads datasets (UC2.2)”.
Subordinated Use Cases: “Store City Data (UC4)”
Refines into requirements: FREQ 6 to FREQ.26.
Specialised Use Cases Basic Stimulus and Responses
1. Platform provides user with an interface for static data
publication
2. User selects datasets to be uploaded
3. User provides metadata associated with the data (license,
provenance, ownership, semantics) in accordance with defined
standards
UC2.1. User manually 4. User requests data publication
uploads datasets 5. Platform quickly process user’s request for data publication
6. Platform validates data submitted
o If valid data, platform acknowledges data publication has
been successful
o If non-valid data, platform shows error message and returns
to step 1.
7. End of data publication
1. Platform provides user with an interface for real-time data
publication
2. User input data API information
3. User provides metadata associated with the data (license,
provenance, ownership, semantics) in accordance with defined
standards
UC2.2. User publishes 4. User confirm information and request data publication
city data via data API’s 5. Platform quickly process user’s request for data publication
6. Platform validates data submitted
o If valid data, platform acknowledges data publication has
been successful
o If non-valid data, platform shows error message and returns
to step 1
End of data publication
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 18
2.3.3 Use Case: Manage Resources
ID: UC3
Refines: GOAL 1: City data is collected in an intelligent manner
Pre-condition: User successfully authenticates in the platform
Actors: City data publisher
Rationale: Manage resources provides the services and functions for updating, maintaining and
accessing both data and metadata, as well as tracking the usage of resources by users. Ideally
the owners of the resources should be the only authorised user to manage resources, and other
authorised users can track the usage of the resources in the platform. The platform must provide a
database update response indicating the status of the update, avoid update errors to be
propagated in the platform, and should keep an audit trail of all actions to enable rollback. Data
usage tracking includes performing queries on the data management data to generate result sets,
and producing reports from these result sets.
Specialised Use Cases: The Use Case Manage Resources data is distinguished into two
specialised Use Cases: “User manages resources (UC3.1)” and “User tracks resources usage
(UC3.2)”.
Subordinated Use Cases: “Transmit Data (UC5)”
Refines into requirements: FREQ.27 to FREQ.25.
Specialised Use Cases Basic Interactions and Responses
1. Platform provides user with an interface for resources
management (e.g. data and metadata, data usage)
2. User chooses to edit or delete data
3. If edit, user revise metadata associated with the data (license,
provenance, ownership, access-control, semantics);
UC3.1. User manages 4. If delete, user selects dataset(s) to be removed
resources 5. User confirms action
6. Platform quickly process user’s request
7. Platform confirms execution of request
o If valid request, platform acknowledges request has been
processed successfully
o If non-valid request, platform returns to step 1.
8. End of resources management
1. Platform provides user with an interface for resources
management (e.g. data and metadata, data usage)
2. User chooses to visualise usage information of a dataset
UC3.2. User tracks 3. Platform quickly process user’s request for data usage
resources usage information
4. Platform provides user with statistical information about data
usage and data users anonymised information
5. End of data usage tracking.
2.3.4 Functional Requirements
Req. ID UC. ID Description Priority Domain
Societal Needs,
FREQ.1 UC1 Allow data publishers to register to submit data for publication Must
Platform
Tracks data publication agreements between Data and Platform Business Needs,
FREQ.2 UC1 Must
Providers Platform
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 19
Store terms of agreements, and use them to monitor/review/process
FREQ.3 UC1 Must City Data, Platform
data submissions.
Able to add and edit terms of agreement, based on access of level of Business Needs,
FREQ.4 UC1 Must
user. Platform
FREQ.5 UC1 Data publications are managed and monitored Must City Data, Platform
Allow authenticated users from across different organisations to City Data, Platform,
FREQ.6 UC2 Must
publish city data Business Needs
Provide authorization mechanisms for users and sensors to publish
FREQ.7 UC2 Must City Data, Platform
city data
City Data, Platform,
FREQ.9 UC2 Provide mechanisms for static data publication Must
Business Needs
City Data, Platform,
FREQ.10 UC2 Provide mechanisms for real-time data publication Must
Business Needs
FREQ.11 UC2 Enable the publication of metadata Must City Data, Platform
FREQ.12 UC2 Maintain temporal information about the data Must City Data, Platform
FREQ.13 UC2 Support sensory data collection Must City Data, Platform
FREQ.14 UC2 Accepts content in numerous file types/formats Must City Data, Platform
Prompts a request for resubmission to the data provider if an error of
FREQ.15 UC2 Must City Data, Platform
data transmission or receipt occurs
FREQ.16 UC2 Enable the semantic description of connected devices Must City Data, Platform
FREQ.17 UC2 Gather data from authenticated and authorized devices Must City Data, Platform
FREQ.18 UC2 Validates automatically the successful transfer of the data Must City Data, Platform
FREQ.19 UC2 Performs virus checking on data Must City Data, Platform
Verifies the validity of the submission based on submitter, expected
FREQ.20 UC2 Must City Data, Platform
format, data quality, and completeness
Platform should have built-in checks on the incoming metadata. Data
FREQ.21 UC2 not containing the minimally defined set of attributes should be Must City Data, Platform
returned to the publisher for metadata enhancement.
System should have a user-friendly method of mapping non-standard
FREQ.22 UC2 Should City Data, Platform
metadata elements into approved standard elements.
Once ingested, metadata should be stored in a single common format.
FREQ.23 UC2 This format should be one that ensures against data loss, and allows a Must City Data, Platform
variety of access/distribution options
Data in the repository shall have sufficient technical metadata to
FREQ.24 UC2 assure functionality (e.g. viewing and display) to ensure accessibility Must City Data, Platform
and reusability.
Allows publishers to display and perform manual/visual quality control Business Needs, City
FREQ.25 UC2 Could
assurance via a user-friendly GUI Data, Platform
Business Needs, City
FREQ.26 UC2 Any errors shall prompt a request for resubmission of data Should
Data, Platform
FREQ.27 UC3 Enable data providers to manage their resources Must Business Needs
A minimal set of identifying information/metadata concerning data Business Needs,
FREQ.28 UC3 Must
publication submission must be recorded Platform
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 20
Stores and tracks versions of data. Links /connections between
FREQ.29 UC3 Must City Data, Platform
versions are created and maintained
Give service and data providers access to anonymized data of the Business Needs
FREQ.30 UC3 Should
subscribers of their data or services
City Data, Platform,
FREQ.31 UC3 Enable data providers to maintain and repair data and metadata Should
Business Needs
Tracks data publication agreements between Data and Platform Business Needs,
FREQ.32 UC3 Must
Providers Platform
Store terms of agreements, and use them to monitor/review/process
FREQ.33 UC3 Must City Data, Platform
data submissions.
Able to add and edit terms of agreement, based on access of level of Business Needs,
FREQ.34 UC3 Must
user. Platform
FREQ.35 UC3 Submission volumes and schedules are managed and monitored Must City Data, Platform
2.4 SUB-GOAL 2: City data is managed in a safe and intelligent manner
Rationale: The urban platform enables users to publish, consume and commercialise data, as well
as deploy and manage services all in a secure and privacy protected manner.
Achieve [City data is exploited
to its full effect]
Goal
co-ena bles
Maintain [Resources are managed in a
safe and intelligent manner]
S ub-Goal 1
Achieve [Store Data] Achieve [Transmit Data] Achieve [Manage Infrastructure]
UC4 UC5 UC6
Figure 6. Sub-Goal 2 “City data is managed in a safe and intelligent manner” refinement.
Drivers: Ensure data is secured and the identity of users are preserved
Actions: For Sub-Goal 2 to be maintained in the long-run it requires the efficient realisation of use
cases: “Store City Data” and “Retrieve and Transmit City Data”, as shown in Figure 6.
2.4.1 Use Case: Store City Data
ID: UC4
Refines: SUB-GOAL 2: City data is managed in a safe and intelligent manner
Pre-condition: Data is successfully published in the platform
Actors: Urban Platform
Rationale: When data is successfully submitted (either via APIs or manual upload), it is
processed/prepared for storage into the platform’s database. This procedure will include the
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 21
generation of unique identifiers to the database, enrichment with ontologies (when applicable),
encrypted (when applicable), signed with digital certificates (when applicable) to ensure that the
data conforms to the platform data formatting, standards, security and regulation. Data may be
converted to accepted formats, as needed (e.g. graph model). A primary goal of the conversion of
content for the platform is the preservation of the content. Priority will be given to preserving the
data accordingly to the policies defined in section (2.6.2). Access-control levels and license models
are associated to data which is subject to restrictions relating to access and conditions of use.
Refines into requirements: FREQ 28 – FREQ 39.
Use Case Basic Interactions and Responses
1. Platform mechanisms converts submitted data into a standard format
2. Security enforcement (e.g. anonymisation, cryptography) is placed on
sensitive information.
UC4. Store City 3. Platform associates with datasets the access-control definitions set by
Data owner of resources.
4. Data is enriched with semantics and is associated with other datasets
5. Platform stores data in a scalable and secure database.
6. End of data storage.
2.4.2 Use Case: Transmit Data
ID: UC5
Refines: SUB-GOAL 2: City data is managed in a safe and intelligent manner
Pre-condition: Data is successfully published in the platform
Actors: Urban Platform
Rationale: The platform accepts data retrieval request, validates user’s rights to access the data,
retrieves city data from data storage, and moves a copy of the data to the relevant platform
component for further processing. If special processing is required, the retrieval function accesses
data in staging storage and applies the requested processes. The types of operations, which may
be carried out, include sub-sampling in temporal or spatial dimensions, conversions between
different data types or output formats, and other specialized processing (e.g., data visualisation).
Once it is finalised data will be sent to the appropriate delivery channels (e.g. API’s, GUI). It also
encompasses function to verify corruption during any internal data transfer. This function requires
that all hardware and software within the platform provide notification of potential errors and that
these errors are routed to standard error logs that are checked by the Platform Provider.
Refines into requirements: FREQ 40 to 54.
2.4.3 Use Case: Manage Infrastructure
ID: UC6
Refines: SUB-GOAL 2: City data is managed in a safe and intelligent manner
Pre-condition: The platform is available
Actors: Urban Platform
Rationale: Manage infrastructure provides the services and functions for the overall operation of
the urban platform. Administration functions include monitoring quality of service agreements,
auditing data publication to ensure that they meet archive standards, and maintaining configuration
management of system hardware and software. In overall, it provides system engineering
functions to monitor and improve platform operations, and to inventory, report on, and
migrate/update the contents of the platforms’ databases.
Refines into requirements: FREQ 55 to 62.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 22
Use Case Basic Interactions and Responses
1. Platform keeps monitoring services at run-time to ensure operation
and integrity of city data
o If system failure, the platform activates mechanisms for recovery
UC6. Manage based on pre-defined rules
Infrastructure o Platform logs issue and issue alert messages to platform providers
2. Platform logs operation capabilities (e.g. performance, mean of time
failure, issues, etc.)
2.4.4 Functional Requirements
Req. ID UC. ID Description Priority Domain
A minimal set of identifying information/metadata concerning data Business Needs,
FREQ.28 UC4 Must
publication submission must be recorded. Platform
Stores and tracks versions of data. Links /connections between
FREQ.29 UC4 Must City Data, Platform
versions are created and maintained.
FREQ.30 UC4 Converts data to accepted file formats Must City Data, Platform
Keep sensitive information secured and accessible only to authorized
FREQ.31 UC4 Must City Data, Platform
users
FREQ.32 UC4 Keep user’s personal information protected Should City Data, Platform
FREQ.33 UC4 Keep city data and meta-data secured Must Platform Needs
FREQ.34 UC4 Enable privacy preserving mechanisms associated to data Must Platform Needs
FREQ.35 UC4 Model data in accordance with defined standards Must City Data, Platform
FREQ.36 UC4 Support the use of ontologies and semantic modelling of city data Could City Data
FREQ.37 UC4 Support database-level provenance annotation Should City Data
FREQ.38 UC4 Support data-level provenance annotation Should City Data
FREQ.39 UC4 Enable data to be encrypted Should Platform Needs
System must have the ability to search and display metadata, preferably
City Data, Platform
FREQ.40 UC5 in a user-conformable, human readable display as well as in its native Must
Needs
format for machine harvesting and manipulation.
Controls access to data in the repository based on multiple permission
City Data, Platform
FREQ.41 UC5 levels. These permission levels determine the create/edit/read/delete Should
Needs
privileges granted users.
Access rights and conditions of use will be held for each data and its City Data, Platform
FREQ.42 UC5 Should
related metadata. Needs
Access rights and conditions can be inherited from a parent data to any City Data, Platform
FREQ.43 UC5 Could
data designated as a child data (derived information). Needs
Access rights and conditions of use will be machine readable and City Data, Platform
FREQ.44 UC5 Should
actionable. Needs
Access mechanisms must be sufficiently granular to allow the Business Needs, City
FREQ.45 UC5 identification of individual users, in order to maintain audit logs of actions Should
Data, Platform
performed by users.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 23
Maintains the integrity of the database which contains both metadata
FREQ.46 UC5 and system information. Must Platform Needs
Provides internal validation such as referential integrity of the contents of City Data, Platform
FREQ.47 UC5 the database. Must
Needs
Creates and maintains schema definitions required to support data
FREQ.48 UC5 management functions. Must Platform Needs
Monitors and ensures that data and metadata are not corrupted during
FREQ.49 UC5 transfers. Must Platform Needs
Provides statistically acceptable assurance that no components of the
FREQ.50 UC5 data are corrupted during any internal data transfer. Must Platform Needs
Performs routine and special data integrity checking for each dataset
FREQ.51 UC5 and generates error reports. Must Platform Needs
Provides disaster recovery capabilities including data backup, off-site
FREQ.52 UC5 data storage, data recovery, etc. Must Platform Needs
Refresh/replace data without service interruption, and update
FREQ.53 UC5 corresponding metadata as appropriate. Must Platform Needs
Ensure that any associated unique identifiers of the updated data are not
FREQ.54 UC5 altered. Must Platform Needs
Audits submissions to ensure that they meet archive/repository
FREQ.55 UC6 standards. Must Platform Needs
Maintains configuration management of the system hardware and
FREQ.56 UC6 software. Must Platform Needs
Has capability to inventory, report on and migrate the contents of the
FREQ.57 UC6 repository. Must Platform Needs
FREQ.58 UC6 Ensures data integrity for version upgrades and format migration. Must Platform Needs
FREQ.59 UC6 Monitors functionality of the entire repository. Must Platform Needs
FREQ.60 UC6 Maintains integrity of system configuration. Must Platform Needs
Audits system operations, performance and usage.
FREQ.61 UC6 Must Platform Needs
Provides platform performance information and database holdings
FREQ.62 UC6 inventory reports Must Platform Needs
2.5 SUB-GOAL 3: City data is orchestrated in a marketplace
Rationale: The urban platform enables users to consume and publish data in a secure and privacy
protected manner.
Drivers: Ensure data is secured and the identity of users are preserved
Actions: For Sub-Goal 3 to be maintained in the long-run it requires the efficient realisation of use
cases: “Commercialise City Data” and “Commercialise Data Services”, as shown in Figure 7.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 24
Achieve [City data is exploited
to its full effect]
Goal
co-ena bles
Maintain [City data is orchestrated in
a marketplace]
S ub-Goal 3
Achieve [Commercialise Data
Achieve [Commercialise City Data]
Services]
UC7 UC8
Figure 7. Sub-Goal 3 “City data is orchestrated in a marketplace” refinement.
2.5.1 Use Case: Commercialise City Data
ID: UC7
Refines: SUB-GOAL 3: City data is orchestrated in a marketplace
Pre-condition: Data is successfully published in the platform, both publisher and consumers of
city data are authenticated in the platform, and there are billing capabilities available.
Actors: Data Publishers, Data Consumers
Rationale: The providers of city data can commercialise city data based on the policies and
financial models defined in the platform. After publishing their data, publishers can define which
data can be available as open data and which data should be available with the payment of a
subscription fee. Once publishers define which data is to be commercially exploited, the platform
will associate the data with their respective financial models and let it ready for subscription. City
data consumer chooses which data to purchase and is redirected to a billing interface where the
subscription payment is taken. The platform must provide an update response indicating the status
of the payment. If successful, data is ready available to be consumed by humans and machines,
otherwise the user can re-try the payment or cancel transaction.
Commercialise city data also involves the function of managing commercial data. It provides
services and functions for updating, maintaining and accessing both data and its respective
commercial transactions. Furthermore, it enables data providers to track the usage of commercial
data by users. Ideally the owners of the data should be the only authorised user to manage
resources, and other authorised users can track the usage of the data in the platform. Data usage
tracking includes performing queries on the data management data to generate result sets, and
producing reports from these result sets. Data consumers are provided with functions which enable
them to manage their subscriptions and financial transactions on the platform. These functions
include updating, maintaining and accessing financial transactions. For all these functions and
services, the platform must provide a database update response indicating the status of the
update, avoid update errors to be propagated in the platform, and should keep an audit trail of all
actions to enable rollback.
Specialised Use Cases: The Use Case Commercialise City Data is distinguished into four
specialised Use Cases: “Commercialise Data (UC7.1)”, “Consume Commercial City Data (UC7.2)”,
“Manage Commercial Data (UC7.3)” and “Manage Data Subscription (UC7.4)”.
Refines into requirements: FREQ 63 to 68.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 25
Use Case Basic Interactions and Responses
1. User selects the data to be commercialised
2. User selects the commercial model for data consumption
UC7.1. 3. Platform validates selection
Commercialise 4. Platform associates data to subscription model
Data 5. Platform releases data for commercial exploitation in the marketplace
6. End of data commercialisation set up.
1. User selects the data to be subscribed to
2. User request subscription to data
UC7.2. 3. Platform validates selection
Consume 4. Platform redirects user to billing system
Proprietary 5. Billing system deals with user request
Data o If successful, user is redirected to a GUI where data is ready to use
o If unsuccessful, user can try payment again or cancel request
2. End of data subscription.
1. Platform provides user with an interface for commercial data
management
2. User chooses to edit or delete commercial data
o If edit, user revise commercial models, licenses, access-control,
semantics;
o If delete, user selects dataset(s) to be removed (following policies
UC7.3. Manage defined in the platform for data removal)
commercial 3. User confirms action
Data 4. Platform promptly process user’s request
5. Platform confirms execution of request
o If valid request, platform acknowledges request has been
processed successfully
o If non-valid request, platform returns to step 1.
6. End of resources management
1. Platform provides user with an interface for data subscription
management
2. User chooses to edit or cancel data subscription
o If edit, user revise payment and subscription timeframe;
o If cancel, user selects dataset(s) to have subscription cancelled
UC7.4. Manage (following policies defined in the platform for data subscription)
data 3. User confirms action
subscription 4. Platform promptly process user’s request
5. Platform confirms execution of request
o If valid request, platform updates acknowledges request has been
processed successfully
o If non-valid request, platform returns to step 1.
6. End of data subscription management
2.5.2 Use Case: Commercialise Data Services
ID: UC8
Refines: SUB-GOAL 3: City data is orchestrated in a marketplace
Pre-condition: Data is successfully published in the platform, both publisher and consumers of
city data are authenticated in the platform, and there are billing capabilities available.
Actors: Data Service Providers, Data Publishers and Consumers
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 26
Rationale: After deploying data services in the platform, the providers of data services can choose
to commercialise services based on the policies and financial models defined in the platform. Once
data service providers define which service(s) is (are) to be commercially exploited, the platform
will associate the services with their respective financial models and let available in the platform
applications module ready for use. User (either publisher or consumer) chooses which data
services to use, and in case a charged service is selected the platform redirects the user to a
billing interface where the payment is taken. The platform must provide an update response
indicating the status of the payment. If successful, service is ready available to be used, otherwise
the user can re-try the payment or cancel transaction. Note that data service owners should be
able to waive the payment of tariff to certain users’ categories.
Data services providers are offered with functions to manage their commercial services. The
platform provides functions for updating, maintaining and accessing both service and its respective
commercial transactions. Furthermore, it enables data services providers to track the usage of
services by users. Services usage tracking includes performing queries on the platform to
generate result sets, and producing reports from these result sets. The consumers of data services
are provided with functions which enable them to manage their subscriptions and financial
transactions. These functions include updating, maintaining and accessing financial transactions.
For all these functions and services, the platform must provide a database update response
indicating the status of the update, avoid update errors to be propagated in the platform, and
should keep an audit trail of all actions to enable rollback.
Specialised Use Cases: The Use Case Commercialise Data Services is distinguished into four
specialised Use Cases: “Commercialise Data Services (UC8.1)”, “Consume Data Services
(UC8.2)”, “Manage Commercial Services (UC8.3)” and “Manage Services Subscription (UC8.4)”.
Refines into requirements: FREQ 68 to 73.
Use Case Basic Interactions and Responses
1. User selects the data services to be commercialised
2. User selects the commercial model for data service usage based on the
category of users
UC8.1. 3. Platform validates selection
Commercialise 4. Platform associates data services to subscription model
Data Services 5. Platform enables data service to be commercially exploited in the
marketplace
6. End of services commercialisation set up.
1. User selects the data service to be subscribed to
2. User request subscription to service
3. Platform validates selection
UC8.2. 4. Platform validates user’s category its respective commercial models
Consume Data 4. If applicable, platform redirects user to billing system
Services 5. Billing system deals with user’s request
o If successful, user is redirected to a GUI where data is ready to use
o If unsuccessful, user can try payment again or cancel request
6. End of data subscription.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 27
1. Platform provides user with an interface for commercial data
management
2. User chooses to edit or delete commercial data
o If edit, user revise commercial models, licenses, access-control,
semantics;
o If delete, user selects dataset(s) to be removed (following policies
UC8.3. Manage defined in the platform for data removal)
commercial 3. User confirms action
services 4. Platform promptly process user’s request
5. Platform confirms execution of request
o If valid request, platform acknowledges request has been
processed successfully
o If non-valid request, platform returns to step 1.
6. End of resources management
1. Platform provides user with an interface for data subscription
management
2. User chooses to edit or cancel data subscription
o If edit, user revise payment and subscription timeframe;
o If cancel, user selects dataset(s) to have subscription cancelled
UC8.4. Manage (following policies defined in the platform for data subscription)
services 3. User confirms action
subscription 4. Platform promptly process user’s request
5. Platform confirms execution of request
o If valid request, platform updates acknowledges request has been
processed successfully
o If non-valid request, platform returns to step 1.
6. End of data subscription management
2.5.3 Functional Requirements
Req. ID UC. ID Description Priority Domain
City Data, Platform,
FREQ.63 UC7 Support the commercialization of city data Should Business Needs
City Data, Platform,
FREQ.64 UC7 Enable users to subscribe to city data through the payment of a tariff Should Business Needs
City Data, Platform,
FREQ.65 UC7 Enable users to manage their data subscriptions Should Business
Provide platform providers mechanisms to define the terms and
FREQ.66 UC7 Must Platform Needs
conditions for platform data usage
Enable data providers to manage the subscription models of their City Data, Platform,
FREQ.67 UC7 Should
data Business
UC7/ City Data, Platform,
FREQ.68 Utilise secure and reliable billing and payment management systems Must
UC8 Business
City Data, Platform,
FREQ.69 UC8 Support the commercialization of data services Should Business Needs
Enable data providers to manage the commercial models of their City Data, Platform,
FREQ.70 UC8 Should
services Business Needs
Provide service providers mechanisms to define the terms and City Data, Platform,
FREQ.71 UC8 Should
conditions of platform services Business Needs
Allow users to pay a tariff for using certain advanced services (e.g. City Data, Platform,
FREQ.72 UC8 Should
Data manipulation, enrichment) Business Needs
City Data, Platform,
FREQ.73 UC8 Enable users to manage their data services subscriptions Should Business Needs
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 28
2.6 SUB-GOAL 4: City data is offered in an accessible manner
Rationale: The urban platform provides city data in both human and machine (e.g. sensors,
actuators, systems) readable and understandable formats.
Drivers: Ensure data understandability and machine-to-machine data transaction.
Actions: For Sub-Goal 3 to be maintained in the long-run it requires the efficient realisation of use
cases: “Register Consumer”, “Discover City Data”, and “Consume City Data” as shown in Figure 8.
Achieve [City data is exploited
to its full effect]
Goal
co-ena bles
Maintain [City data is offered in an
accessible manner]
S ub-Goal 1
Achieve [Register Consumer] Achieve [Discover City Data] Achieve [Consume City Data]
UC9 UC10 UC11
Figure 8. Sub-Goal 4 “City data is offered in an accessible manner” refinement.
2.6.1 Use Case: Register Data Consumer
ID: UC9
Refines: SUB-GOAL 4: City data is offered in an accessible manner
Pre-condition: User is not logged in the platform
Actors: Data Consumers
Rationale: Data Consumers can register in the platform and request approval to consume city data
via GUI or APIs. They provide valid registration details (to be defined) and wait for platform to
confirm their registration. Users must accept the terms and conditions of platform usage and define
how their personal data can be used by the Platform Owner. Users can manage and alter their
registration information at any time they want to.
Refines into requirements: FREQ 64.
Use Case Basic Stimulus and Responses
1. The platform prompts the user for a username and password or register
new account.
2. The user selects registration option.
3. The platform prompts user for data consumer registration information
UC1. Register 4. The user enters in their information.
Consumer 5. Platform verifies information and creates account.
o If non-valid information, platform shows error message and returns to
step 1.
6. Platform acknowledges registration has been successful
7. End of registration
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 29
2.6.2 Use Case: Discover City Data
ID: UC10
Refines: SUB-GOAL 4: City data is offered in an accessible manner
Pre-condition: User has access to either platform GUI or API
Actors: Data Consumers
Rationale: Data Consumers can register in the platform and request approval to consume city data
via GUI or APIs. They provide valid registration details (to be defined) and wait for platform to
confirm their registration.
Refines into requirements: FREQ 64.
Use Case Basic Stimulus and Responses
1. Users access specialised data query end-points (e.g. SPARQL)
2. Users provides information for pre-defined parameters for search
3. Users request data search
4. Platform quickly process users request for data
UC10.1 o All queries are verified against access rights restrictions
Discover city o If restriction applies users are redirected to log in interfaces
data via data o Users provide credentials and log on the system
query end-points 5. Users are provided with query results on the end-point if access is
allowed
o If access is not not allowed platform issues an error message to the
user
1. Users search city data via GUI
2. Users inputs search parameters (e.g. key words, categories, formats,
publishers)
UC10.2 3. Users request data search
Discover city 4. Platform quickly process users request for data
data via data o All queries are verified against access rights restrictions
query end-points o If restriction applies users are redirected to log in interfaces
o Users provide credentials and log on the system
5. Users are provided with query results on an interface
o If access is not allowed platform issues an error message to the
user
2.6.3 Use Case: Consume City Data
ID: UC11
Refines: SUB-GOAL 4: City data is offered in an accessible manner
Pre-condition: User has access to either platform GUI or API
Actors: Data Consumers
Rationale: Data Consumers can register in the platform and request approval to consume city data
via GUI or APIs. They provide valid registration details (to be defined) and wait for platform to
confirm their registration.
Refines into requirements: FREQ 64.
Subordinated Use Cases: “Consume proprietary city data”
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 30
Use Case Basic Stimulus and Responses
1. Users request data to be formatted in a particular format supported by
UC11.1 the platform
Customise City 2. Platform quickly process users request for data formatting
Data 3. Mechanism for data conversion is called and process data
4. Users are provided with data formatted as requested
1. Users / Machines select data to be downloaded
2. Users / Machines are redirected to authentication mechanism in case of
UC11.2 registration is needed for the particular dataset
Consume City o If authentication is successful, users are provided with requested
Data via GUI data streams
3. Users are provided with requested data via APIs
1. Users / Machines makes data request on the platforms API
2. Users / Machines are redirected to authentication mechanism in case of
UC11.3 registration is needed for the particular dataset
Consume City o If authentication is successful, users are provided with requested
Data via APIs data streams
3. Users are provided with requested data via APIs
2.6.4 Functional Requirements
Req. ID UC. ID Description Priority Domain
Allow users to register to use services and consume proprietary city Societal Needs,
FREQ.74 UC9 Should
data and open data (optional) Platform
Keep sensitive information secured and accessible only to Societal Needs,
FREQ.75 UC9 Should
authorized users Platform
Societal Needs,
FREQ.76 UC9 Provide authentication mechanisms for users Must Platform
Societal Needs,
FREQ.77 UC9 Keep user’s personal information protected Must Platform
Allow users to control which data they are willing to provide and how Societal Needs,
FREQ.78 UC9 Must
their data should be used Platform
Societal Needs,
FREQ.79 UC10 Allow users to format data in any supported data formats Must
Platform
The query request may require data to be sourced from different Societal Needs,
FREQ.80 UC10 Must
storage locations Platform
Allows query requests against all metadata used to manage the Societal Needs,
FREQ.81 UC10 repository. Should Platform
Provide users information about the legal aspects of the data Societal Needs,
FREQ.82 UC11 Must
(license, ownership) City Data
Societal Needs,
FREQ.83 UC11 Keeps an audit trail of all actions. Must City Data
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 31
2.7 SUB-GOAL 5: User’s experience is enhanced by the provision of
value-added services
Rationale: The urban platform enables users to consume and publish data in a secure and privacy
protected manner
Drivers: Ensure data is secured and the identity of users are preserved
Actions: For Sub-Goal 5 to be maintained in the long-run it requires the efficient realisation of use
cases: “Deploy Data Services”, “Manage Services”, and “Utilise Data Services” as shown in Figure
8.
Achieve [City data is exploited
to its full effect]
Goal
co-ena bles
Maintain [User s experience is enhanced by
the provision of value-added services]
S ub-Goal 1
Achieve [Deploy Data Services] Achieve [Manage Services] Achieve [Utilise Data Services]
UC12 UC13 UC14
Figure 9. Sub-Goal 5 “User’s experience is enhanced by the provision of value-added services” refinement
2.7.1 Deploy Data Services
ID: UC12
Refines: SUB-GOAL 5: User’s experience is enhanced by the provision of value-added services
Pre-condition: Data Services Providers are provided with credentials, are authorised to deploy
their services in the platform, and have access to technical specifications of the platform interfaces.
Actors: Data Services Providers
Rationale: Data Services can register in the platform and request approval to deploy services in
the platform. They provide valid registration details (to be defined) and wait for registration
confirmation. Platform Providers may authorise or not data services providers to offer both open
and proprietary services in the platform. Data services providers must formally agree with service
deployment agreement with the Urban Platform. This agreement defines terms of the content,
policies, regulations, license agreement. The Urban Platform will proactively work with Service
Providers to agree on the technical specifications of interfaces and platform openness level.
Agreements between Platform and Data Service Providers may be renegotiated on a periodic or
ad-hoc basis.
Refines into requirements: FREQ.1 to FREQ.5.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 32
Use Case Basic Stimulus and Responses
1. User authenticates in the platform
2. User is provided access to platform interfaces for service deployment
3. User deploy services
4. Platform checks compatibility and any technical issues arising from the
UC12. Deploy new service
Services 5. If approved the service is ready to be used and managed in the
platform
o If deployment is not approved, platform shows error message and
returns to step 1.
6. End of deployment
2.7.2 Use Case: Manage Services
ID: UC13
Refines: GOAL 5: User’s experience is enhanced by the provision of value-added services
Pre-condition: User successfully authenticates in the platform
Actors: Data Services Providers
Rationale: Manage services provides the functions for updating, maintaining and accessing
services as well as tracking their usage by users. Ideally the owners of the services should be the
only authorised user to manage them, and other authorised users can track the usage of the
services in the platform. In case of updates the platform must log in the database update details
and send to service providers a response indicating the status of the update. The platform should
also ensure update errors are not propagated nor affect the health of other services provided in the
platform, and should keep an audit trail of all actions to enable rollback. Data services usage
tracking includes performing queries on the data management data to generate result sets, and
producing reports from these result sets. All user’s information provided to service providers must
follow regulations of data protection and the user’s defined rules for their data use.
Specialised Use Cases: The Use Case Manage Services is distinguished into two specialised
Use Cases: “User manages services (UC13.1)” and “User tracks service usage (UC13.2)”.
Subordinated Use Cases: “Transmit Data (UC5)”
Refines into requirements: FREQ.27 to FREQ.25.
Specialised Use Cases Basic Interactions and Responses
1. Platform provides user with an interface for services management
2. User chooses to edit or delete services
3. If edit, user revise service information (access-control,
commercial models, parameters) and deployment;
If delete, user selects services to be removed / disabled
UC13.1. User manages 4. User confirms action
services 5. Platform quickly process user’s request
6. Platform confirms execution of request
o If valid request, platform acknowledges request has been
processed successfully
o If non-valid request, platform returns to step 1.
7. End of services management
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 33
1. Platform provides user with an interface for services management
2. User chooses to visualise usage information of a service
3. Platform quickly process user’s request for data usage
UC13.2. User tracks information
services usage 4. Platform provides user with statistical information about services
usage and data users anonymised information
5. End of data services tracking.
2.7.3 Use Case: Utilise Data Services
ID: UC2
Refines: SUB-GOAL 1 - City data is collected in an intelligent manner
Pre-condition: User is authenticated in the platform
Actors: City data publisher
Rationale: Data Consumers can register in the platform and request approval to consume city data via GUI
or APIs. They provide valid registration details (to be defined) and wait for platform to confirm their
registration.
Subordinated Use Cases: “Commercialise Data Services (UC8)”
Refines into requirements: FREQ 6 to FREQ.26.
Specialised Use Cases Basic Interactions and Responses
1. Users / Machines select data service to be utilised
2. Users / Machines are redirected to authentication mechanism in
UC2.1. User utilises data case of registration is needed for the particular service
services o If authentication is successful, users are provided with
requested data streams
3. Users are provided with requested service either via API or GUI
2.7.4 Functional Requirements
Req. ID UC. ID Description Priority Domain
Provide stable and well-defined interfaces to ensure interoperability
Societal Needs,
FREQ.84 UC12 between the platform, services and the applications provided by Should Platform
services providers
Ensure the interfaces of the architecture are open to reduce entry Societal Needs,
FREQ.85 UC12 Should
barriers and integration issues Platform
Provide multi-purposed and network intelligent interfaces to Societal Needs,
FREQ.86 UC12 Must
providers and consumers of services Platform
Provide service providers mechanisms to define the terms and Societal Needs,
FREQ.87 UC12 Must
conditions of platform services deployment Platform
Business Needs,
FREQ.88 UC13 Provide statistical information of user’s feedback on service usage Must Platform
Allow users to use services to manipulate city data (e.g. Create Societal Needs,
FREQ.89 UC10 Must
mash ups, integrate) Platform
Allow users to provide feedback on usability, and quality of data Societal Needs,
FREQ.90 UC14 Must
and services provided by the platform Platform
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 34
3. Non-functional Requirements
3.1 Run-time Quality Requirements
3.1.1 Scalability Requirements
Rationale: The ability of the system to execute its task within its expected performance profile and
to handle on-demand increased processing volumes of data and service requests
Drivers: Provide ready access to all data that underpins decision making processes in smart cities,
and accommodate users and data usage patterns
Refines into requirements: NFREQ.1, NFREQ.2, NFREQ.3, NFREQ.4
Relevance: Urban platforms have ambitious performance requirements. Such platforms must cope
with user’s demand for data and services, capture real-time data that will be catalysed by a myriad
of sensors. The demand for urban platform is very likely to significantly increase over time. It is
very difficult to have clear performance characteristics due to the ubiquity, heterogeneity high
connectivity of devices and end users.
SCALABILITY MEASURES
Actions Capture the performance requirements
Create service level agreements
Predict scalability using software simulation
Analyse the performance of the platform overtime
Conduct practical testing
Strategy Prioritize service and data requests
Distribute processing over time
Scale up or scale out as necessary
Reuse resources and results Partition and parallelize
Constantly monitor Quality of Service at runtime
3.1.2 Availability and Reliability Requirements
Rationale: The ability of the system to be fully or partly operational as and when required and to
effectively handle failures that could affect system availability
Drivers: Build a reliable foundation for “on demand” exploitation of data
Refines into requirements: NFREQ.5, NFREQ.6, NFREQ.7, NFREQ.8
Relevance: Any system that has complex or extended availability requirements, complex recovery
processes, or a high profile (e.g., is visible to the public)
AVAILABILITY AND RELIABILITY MEASURES
Actions Capture the availability requirements Produce the availability schedule
Estimate platform availability Estimate functional availability Assess against the
requirements Rework the architecture
Strategy Adopt fault-tolerant hardware
Use reliable infrastructure database
Log transactions
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 35
Develop adaptive software to cope and recover from faults
Design and test for failure
Deploy load balancing
Identify suitable backup and disaster recovery solution
3.1.3 Trust Requirements
Rationale: A quality related to the user’s belief in the reliability, integrity and ability of the functional
behaviour of the platform
Drivers: Gain understanding of what influences user’s experience while interacting with services
provided
Requirements: NFREQ.16, NFREQ.17
Relevance: Relevant to the systems that share and collect information that may raise public
concern. In some cases, trust has to do with the reliability of data and their providers, whereas in
other cases trust can be associated with the security and privacy of the technology that was
deployed. Trust affects the reputation of the platform besides its dissemination and maturity on the
market.
TRUST MEASURES
Capture trust requirements
Perform risk analysis so measures can be implemented
Actions Explore the vulnerability aspects of city data
Check whether extensibility requirements impact on trust
Define a trust model
Adopt trust model
Deploy monitoring capabilities and assess its impact on scalability
Manage the data in a way that ensures its compliance with data
Strategy protection regulations
Implement tampering and data misuse detection
Make use of Cryptography when necessary
Allow Federation of trust between platforms
3.1.4 Security Requirements
Rationale: Ability of the system to enforce the intended confidentiality, trust, integrity and service
and data access policies, and to detect and recover from failure in these security mechanisms.
Drivers: Manage the data and services in a way that ensures its integrity, and compliance with
data protection regulations
Relevance: Relevant to the systems that share and collect information that may raise public
concern. Urban platforms may become a valuable target for attackers which can potentially leave
huge swathes of information exposed. It could potentially undermine trust in the government and
damage its reputation.
Refines into requirements: NFREQ.9 to NFREQ.15
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 36
SECURITY MEASURES
Elicit the security requirements
Cross-check security requirements’ impact on services offered by different
providers
Verify security impact on service composition
Conduct risk analysis and impacts of security breach
Use scalable and efficient user authentication components
Use authentication and authorization components to secure interfacing with
Actions external services
Address aspects of data collection, storage and distribution
Address aspects of service and communication security among devices
Identify security requirements of the physical infrastructure
Balance and prioritize scalability (performance) and security requirements
Evaluate trade-offs between privacy considerations and preventing abuse. (While
anonymous access guarantees privacy of users, traceability of users due to abuse
of the service is not possible.)
Toughen user’s functional components
Authenticate subjects
Define and enforce access policies
Secure communication infrastructures
Secure interfaces with external systems and services
Strategy
Secure databases
Check data integrity for critical services
User digital certificates and encryption where necessary
Secure monetary transactions
Secure user’s personal information
3.1.5 Privacy Requirements
Rationale: Ability of the system to ensure that the collection and transmission of personal data is
minimized and handled in accordance with user’s expectation and regulations.
Drivers: Protect the vulnerability aspects volunteered citizen’s data
Requirements: NFREQ.18, NFREQ.19, NFREQ.20, NFREQ.21, NFREQ.22
Relevance: Ensuring users privacy is protected positively influences user’s experience,
acceptance and continuous use of the platform. Besides other factors, the reputation of the
platform depends on how well user’s information is secure and preserved.
PRIVACY MEASURES
Capture trust requirements
Perform risk analysis so measures can be implemented
Actions Explore the vulnerability aspects of city data
Check whether extensibility requirements impact on trust
Define a trust model
Allow users to interact with the platform anonymously in given
circumstances
Manage users identification securely
Strategy Anonymize data whenever necessary to comply with data regulations
Cryptograph personal identifiers during data transmission when that is
necessary
Avoid unauthorized access to implicit information (e.g. location)
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 37
Verify the impact of security, trust and scalability requirements trade-offs
on privacy
Allow the user to control how personal information is used
Empower user to control the data disclosure mechanism
3.2 Non Run-time Quality Requirements
3.2.1 Evolvability Requirements
Rationale: The ability of the platform to withstand and easily adapt when new requirements and
changes is introduced.
Drivers: Ensure the platform is able to accommodate additional functionality and emerging
technologies at later stage at a fair and transparent cost
Refines into requirements: NFREQ.23
Relevance: Important for longer- lived and more widely used systems. Urban platforms are
expected to be highly evolvable in order to accommodate future emerging technologies and avoid
interoperability issues.
EVOLVABILITY MEASURES
Actions Characterize and assess the evolution needs
Consider the evolution trade-offs
Balance and negotiate potential conflicting requirements emerging from
the evolution capability.
Strategy Adopt standards and open interfaces
Design loose-coupled components
Preserve the platform resilience
3.2.2 Extensibility Requirements
Rationale: The flexibility of the system to allow services and functionality to be extended and
augmented by service providers in order to increase value of services to both platform providers
and end-users. The extension of the platform services is determined by the Platform Openness
strategy.
Drivers: Stakeholders can extend the services provided by the urban platform, so that
partnerships can be built to deliver holistic and interoperable solutions. Identify integrated
approaches to design and service delivery which ensures that services fit together and that
synergies can be exploited.
Refines into requirements: NFREQ.24, NFREQ.25
Relevance: Important for longer- lived and more widely used systems. Urban platforms are
expected to be highly evolvable in order to accommodate future emerging technologies and avoid
interoperability issues.
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 38
EXTENSIBILITY
Actions Characterize and assess the extensibility needs
Trace the impacts and cost of extensions
Negotiate potential conflicting requirements emerging from adding extensions
in the platform
Strategy Develop a modular architecture with standard interfaces that reduces entry
barriers due to increased transparency and integration
Share technical information about interfaces will help service providers in
targeting opportunities around the platform
3.3 List of Non-Functional Requirements
ID # Description Concern Priority Domain
Platform,
NFREQ.1 Support different service level agreements (SLA) Scalability Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.2 Process services and events on a set of distributed nodes Scalability Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.3 Continuously monitor Quality of Service at runtime Scalability Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.4 Balance its load at runtime Scalability Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.5 Provide high availability Availability Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.6 Guarantee infrastructure availability Availability Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.7 Ensure network availability Availability Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.8 Be able to perform self-healing Availability Should
Infrastructure
City Data,
NFREQ.9 Expose data and services to authorized users Security Must
Platform
City Data,
NFREQ.10 Ensure services are always accessible to entitled users Security Must
Platform
NFREQ.11 Ensure Data Freshness Security Must Platform
NFREQ.12 Support access control mechanisms Security Must Platform
Platform,
NFREQ.13 Have security mechanisms to protect data transmission Security Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.14 Make it difficult to spy on communicated messages Security Should
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.15 Be able to perform to detect threats at runtime Security Should
Infrastructure
Provide trusted and secure communication and information Platform,
NFREQ.16 Trust Should
management Infrastructure
NFREQ.17 The platform infrastructure and services shall be trustable Trust Should Infrastructure
Societal Needs,
NFREQ.18 Allow users to use free services anonymously Privacy Should
Platform
Societal Needs,
NFREQ.19 Allow people to use free services anonymously Privacy Should
Platform
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 39
Allow users to control which data they are willing to provide Societal Needs,
NFREQ.20 Privacy Should
and how their data should be used Platform
NFREQ.21 Keep users access-control rights/ policies secured. Privacy Should Platform
Provide privacy protection for users interacting with the Societal Needs,
NFREQ.22 Privacy Should
platform Platform
Platform,
NFREQ.23 Provide communication confidentiality Privacy Should
Infrastructure
Societal Needs,
NFREQ.24 Be extensible for future technologies. Evolvability Must City Data, Platform,
Infrastructure
Platform,
NFREQ.26 Provide standard interfaces for service providers Extensibility Should
Business Needs
NFREQ.26 Be able to provide services in an interoperable manner Extensibility Should Platform
4. Other Requirements
4.1 Minimal Descriptive Metadata Required from Data Provider
Minimal Descriptive Metadata Required from Data Provider
Attribute Required Definition Notes Examples
Database Name Y A name given to the resource
Author Name of a person or body associated with
Y
the creation of the resource
Maintainer Name of the entity responsible for making
Y
the resource available
Date Created Y Date the dataset was created
Date Modified Y Date the dataset was modified
Last Revision Y Date the dataset was last revised
Update Frequency Y Frequency of data maintenance
Mode of Release Y Open/Proprietary
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 40
4.2 Urban Platform Supported Data Formats
MIME type Description Extensions Level
application/json JavaScript Object Notation json supported
application/xml eXtensible markup language file xml supported
text/csv Comma separated values file csv supported
5. Conclusion & Forward Plans
This document represents the first set of requirements specification for urban platform. Future
activities will collaboratively assess, resolve requirements conflicts, prioritize, and validate the
requirements of the urban platform. Ultimately, this document will become a complete final
requirements specification document to guide and speed up the development open platform for
cities. Table below shows the milestones, deliverables and engagement activities completed and
yet to be completed by the Demand Side Engagement Stream.
Milestones, deliverables and engagement activity Forecast date Status
Stakeholders invitation Late Completed
September/2015
Online Workshop 1: Project Scope and Outcomes 20/11/2015 Completed
Online meeting held with city members to communicate goals,
expected outcomes, time commitment and required actions.
Start of Collaborative Requirements Engineering Process 20/11/2015 Completed
Participants reviewed the first draft of urban platform requirements,
provided comments, and suggested new requirements and changes.
Online Workshop 2: Review and Refine Requirements 08/12/2015 Completed
Participants had a conference call to review the requirements
specification document and provide their comments.
Deliverable: Requirements Specification Document v2.1 shared 05/01/2016 Completed
across the Working Streams for consultation
Online Workshop 3: Review Requirements Specification 12/01/2016 Completed
Document and discussion of Letter of Intent
Participants had a conference call to review the requirements
specification document and provide their comments, and discussed
the Letter of Intent to be signed by Mayor/Equiv of EU cities to
commit to application of common U.P. approach.
Urban Platforms Workshop in Brussels 19/01/2016 Completed
Participants provided feedback on the requirements specification
document and recommended changes in the document
Requirements Specification for Urban Platforms (EIP_SCC Initiative) Page 41
Deliverable: Updated Requirements Specification Document v2.2 29/01/2016 Completed
shared with Industry and Standardisation Working Streams
Deliverable: Online release of the Requirements Specification Early
Document and open calls for wider consultation on the Requirements February/2016
Online Workshop 4: Engagement with Industry Side Early
Capture industry feedback on the Requirements Specification February/2016
Document to assess its suitability to drive the development of the first
draft reference architecture.
Online Workshop 5: Review Requirements Specification Mid
Document v2.2 and discuss requirement prioritization and February/2016
balancing
Collectively determine which candidate requirements of urban
platforms should be prioritized as high importance to all the cities
(use of Value Oriented Prioritization Method). Requirements are also
prioritized to minimize risk during development of urban platforms so
that the most important requirements are made explicit and
considered in the reference architecture.
Capture of case studies from cities intended to support requirements Mid March/2016
validation (City of Porto), and learning and confidence building
amongst cities.
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